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Symptoms of Acute Appendicitis



Contents

List of symptoms of Acute Appendicitis:

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Acute Appendicitis includes the 18 symptoms listed below:

Note that Acute Appendicitis symptoms usually refers to various symptoms known to a patient, but the phrase Acute Appendicitis signs may refer to those signs only noticable by a doctor.

More ways to research these symptoms: To research other symptoms use the symptom center, or to research causes of more than one symptom in combination, try our multi-symptom search.

Research More About Acute Appendicitis

Do I have Acute Appendicitis?

Home Diagnostic Testing

Home medical tests related to Acute Appendicitis:

Wrongly Diagnosed with Acute Appendicitis?

The list of other diseases or medical conditions that may be on the differential diagnosis list of alternative diagnoses for Acute Appendicitis includes:

See the full list of 61 alternative diagnoses for Acute Appendicitis

More about symptoms of Acute Appendicitis:

More information about symptoms of Acute Appendicitis and related conditions:

Other Possible Causes of these Symptoms

Click on any of the symptoms below to see a full list of other causes including diseases, medical conditions, toxins, drug interactions, or drug side effect causes of that symptom.

Medical Books Online about Acute Appendicitis

Medical Books Excerpts Excerpts of published medical book chapters related to Acute Appendicitis are available from published medical books for more detailed information about Acute Appendicitis.

Medical Books Excerpts
  • "Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs"
  • "Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs"
  • "In a Page: Signs and Symptoms"
  • "In a Page: Signs and Symptoms"
  • "In a Page: Signs and Symptoms"
  • "In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms"
  • "Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care"
  • "Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition)"
  • "A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis"
  • "A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis"
  • "Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)"
  • "Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)"
  • "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter"
  • "Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis"
  • "Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis"
  • "Handbook of Diseases"
  • "Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series"
  • "Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses"
  • "The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics"
  • "Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms"
+ نوشته شده در  دوشنبه بیست و دوم مهر 1387ساعت 9:50  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه بیست و پنجم اسفند 1386ساعت 12:2  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

Retinoblastoma

Reviewed October 2005

What is retinoblastoma?

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that develops in the retina, the part of the eye that detects light and color. Although this disorder can occur at any age, it usually develops in young children.

Most cases of retinoblastoma occur in only one eye, but both eyes can be affected. The most common sign of this disorder is a visible whiteness in the normally black pupil (the opening through which light enters the eye). This unusual whiteness is particularly noticeable in photographs taken with a flash, and is called "cat's eye reflex" or leukocoria. Other signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include crossed eyes or eyes that do not point in the same direction (strabismus); persistent eye pain, redness, or irritation; and blindness or poor vision in the affected eye.

People with the hereditary form of retinoblastoma may also develop a tumor in the brain called pinealoma. Pinealoma develops in the pineal gland, which is located at the base of the skull. The presence of retinoblastoma and pinealoma together is called trilateral retinoblastoma. Later in life, people with hereditary retinoblastoma also have an increased risk of developing bone cancer (osteosarcoma), soft tissue cancers, a form of skin cancer called melanoma, and other types of cancer.

How common is retinoblastoma?

Retinoblastoma affects an estimated 1 in 15,000 to 20,000 live births. This disease is diagnosed in about 250 children per year in the United States. It accounts for about 3 percent of all cancers in children younger than 15 years.

What are the genetic changes related to retinoblastoma?

Retinoblastoma is related to chromosome 13.

Variations of the RB1 gene increase the risk of developing retinoblastoma.

Mutations in the RB1 gene are responsible for most cases of retinoblastoma. RB1 is a tumor suppressor gene, which means it normally keeps cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Most mutations in the RB1 gene prevent it from making any functional protein, so it is unable to effectively regulate cell division. As a result, cells divide uncontrollably and form a tumor.

A small percentage of retinoblastoma cases are caused by a deletion in the region of chromosome 13 that contains the RB1 gene. Geneticists refer to this region as 13q14. Children with these chromosomal deletions may also have mental retardation, slow growth, and characteristic facial features (such as prominent eyebrows, a short nose with a broad nasal bridge, and ear abnormalities).

Read more about the RB1 gene and chromosome 13.

Can retinoblastoma be inherited?

Mutations in the RB1 gene are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase cancer risk. A person with retinoblastoma may inherit an altered copy of the gene from one parent, or the altered gene may be the result of a new mutation. For retinoblastoma to develop, a second mutation in the other copy of the RB1 gene must occur in retinal cells during the person's lifetime.

If there is a family history of the disease or if a person develops tumors in both eyes, the RB1 mutation is probably in all of the person's cells, including sperm or egg cells. This person is said to have the inherited form of retinoblastoma, and there is a risk of passing on the mutated RB1 gene to the next generation. However, if only one eye is affected and if there is no family history of the disorder, the RB1 gene may be mutated only in tumor cells. This person likely has the noninherited form of retinoblastoma, and there is no increased risk to other family members.

The small number of retinoblastoma cases caused by chromosome 13 deletions are usually not inherited. These chromosomal changes occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or during cell division early in fetal development.

Where can I find information about treatment for retinoblastoma?

These resources address the management of retinoblastoma and may include treatment providers.

You might also find information on treatment of retinoblastoma in Educational resources and Patient support.

Where can I find additional information about retinoblastoma?

You may find the following resources about retinoblastoma helpful. These materials are written for the general public.

You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.

What other names do people use for retinoblastoma?

  • Glioblastoma, retinal
  • Glioma, retinal
  • Neuroblastoma, retinal
  • RB

What if I still have specific questions about retinoblastoma?

Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?

+ نوشته شده در  یکشنبه پنجم اسفند 1386ساعت 14:41  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

Brain Surgery

As part of my Master's project, I had the opportuniy to observe an operation to remove a brain tumor. The patient had experienced some personality changes, and was having trouble speaking.


The patient was already anesthetized when we arrived.


First step was to calibrate the sensing equipment. The equipment was from Surgical Navication Technologies, a Denver firm where I had my first ever job interview.


Frank and Crisi check out the 3D X-ray images while we wait for the action to begin.


Somehow I got the extra-cool full wrap-around surgeon-style hair covering.


The first cut is made, and local anesthetic is injected.


A special drill is used that will cut through bone, but will not harm soft tissue. (Like, for example, a brain.)


In adition to the fancy SNT system, old-fashioned ultrasound is also used.


When a hospital photographer came in for a few shots, they temporarily turned off the blinding spotlights which allowed for a few good shots of the brain.



Once the surgeon got to work digging down to the tumor, all the action could be seen on this TV monitor.



And finally, the tumor was removed.


Removing the tumor was only the halfway point. There was still over two hours of surgery to go, putting everything back together.



 

 

 

 

 

 

+ نوشته شده در  چهارشنبه سی ام آبان 1386ساعت 1:38  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

New Technique In CPR Saves More Lives

 

In what may prove to be the biggest shift in emergency care of cardiac arrest in 40 years, cities across the country are leading a move away from the familiar practice of using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. In its place, the cities are recommending simple chest compressions — pushing down repeatedly on the victim's chest — to mimic a steady heartbeat. The emergency medical directors who are behind the shift say research in various cities suggests it will save many more lives.

Cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, have decided to make the switch. They join at least seven other cities that already are advising 911 callers to do chest compressions without mouth-to-mouth "rescue breathing."

Doctors are forgoing the rescue-breathing instructions that have long been given by 911 dispatchers in order to eliminate delays that can be caused by bystanders reluctant to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or unable to understand the technique.

Instead, the goal is to get chest compressions started immediately after a cardiac-arrest victim collapses and to keep the compressions going until trained rescuers arrive. It is a lot easier to tell a panicked person to just compress the chest until rescuers arrive. They can start this critical life saving technique as soon as they leave the phone.

By performing deep compressions — pushing the breastbone down about 2 inches (one third to one half the depth of the chest for children) and then releasing it — untrained people have saved lives. Research continues to favor chest compressions over rescue breathing in those first critical minutes. During that time, the blood in the brain and other vital organs still has oxygen that was picked up when it last passed through the lungs before the heart stopped. The body needs chest compressions to keep this blood moving.

For now, the shift applies primarily to untrained bystanders, the group most likely to reach victims in the first critical minutes. In such emergencies, lives generally are saved or lost within six minutes. The emergency directors agreed that trying to talk 911 callers through mouth-to-mouth procedures was doing more harm than good because it wasted time. Now, rescuers are arriving on the scene to find 10 times more victims (60% vs. 6%) getting lifesaving compressions when not distracted by advice on breathing techniques.

The American Heart Association also changed its guidelines in 2005 to emphasize compression over mouth-to-mouth.

The new guidelines call for a lone rescuer to provide 30 chest compressions for every two rescue breaths. That advice applies to victims of all ages, except for newborn infants.

The previous guidelines, issued in 2000, called for 15 chest compressions for every two rescue breaths. If two rescuers are performing CPR, then they are to follow the previous ratio of 15 chest compressions to two rescue breaths.

"The lay rescuer will be taught to begin chest compressions immediately after delivering two rescue breaths to the unresponsive victim who is not breathing," state the guidelines.

Each rescue breath should be delivered in 1 second and should produce visible chest rise.

"Both lay rescuers and healthcare providers should deliver chest compressions that "push hard, push fast" (rate of 100 compressions per minute) in the center of the chest at the nipple line, allow complete chest recoil between compressions, and minimize interruptions in compressions for all victims."

While the heart association would prefer that all adults be trained in CPR so that they can practice their skills before they are faced with a crisis, officials with the association agree that immediately beginning compressions alone is better than waiting even a minute or two to begin CPR.

+ نوشته شده در  دوشنبه نهم مهر 1386ساعت 12:30  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

ِAIDS

ARIC's AIDS Image Gallery:
Structure of HIV

Structure of HIV-1 virion
The basic structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1, a retrovirus.

The structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is relatively simple. The viral core contains the genome, or genetic material, which is accompanied by several enzymes essential to successful reproduction, including protease (p9) [for "protein 9"], reverse transcriptase & RNAse (p66), and integrase (p32). This material is held within the capsid, a single layer of structural proteins (p24). Surrounding this in turn is the matrix protein membrane, composed of additional structural proteins (p17). Finally, encasing all these elements, is the viral envelope, which is composed of lipids taken from the host cell (usually an human immune cell such as a T-Lymphocyte or macrophage). Protruding through the lipid membrane are numerous spikes of envelope glycoprotein (gp160), which are used by the virus to facilitate attachment to the host cell via various cell surface receptors.

The envelope glycoproteins have two separate parts: the surface glycoprotein (SU), designated gp120, and the transmembrane glycoprotein (TM), designated gp41. Please note that these numbers represent the approximate atomic weight of these proteins, expressed in daltons. The sum of these two weights (120 + 41) equals roughly 160 daltons, hence the desgnation of the combined envelope glycoprotein as gp160. [Source: jscutero@panix.com]

Detailed structure of mature HIV-1 virion
Detailed structure of mature HIV-1 virion.
A more detailed image of the structure of a mature HIV virion appears above. [Source: www.healthcg.com/]


+ نوشته شده در  دوشنبه نهم مهر 1386ساعت 9:38  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

The 11 signs your nails

 

The 11 Signals Your Nails are Giving You About Your Health
by www.SixWise.com


Many people put a lot of effort into keeping their nails perfectly trimmed, cleaned and manicured. If the nails aren't perfect, the solution is often to cover them up with fake nails or polish. But ignoring such signs and viewing them as only an aesthetic problem could be dangerous to your health.

Like your skin, your nails are excellent indicators of what's going on inside your body. If your nails are healthy (smooth and pink with a slightly curved surface), your body is probably pretty healthy too. But if your nails are discolored, brittle or otherwise appear unhealthy, it may be because of an underlying health problem.

"The nails can be windows to a patient's overall health, and while the nail itself is dead tissue, the areas under the cuticle and beneath the nail are alive," said dermatologist Richard K. Scher, M.D., professor of clinical dermatology at Columbia University in New York City.

Here are 11 signals your nails may be giving you about your health.

Yellow Nail Syndrome 1. Yellow Nail Syndrome: This may cause a yellow or greenish color to your nails, thickening of the nail, slowed nail growth, a lack of a cuticle and the nail may detach partially from the nail bed. This condition often signals a respiratory disease.
Pitting 2. Pitting: "If you see pits on the nails, it could be a sign that you are about to develop, or that you already have, psoriasis," said Dr. Amit Pandya, a dermatologist at the University of Texas Southwest Medical Center in Dallas. The small depressions on the nail could also be a sign of chronic dermatitis of your fingers or alopecia areata.
Clubbing 3. Clubbing: This condition describes when the nails curve around your fingertips, which are usually enlarged. It's caused by low oxygen levels in the blood and may indicate lung disease.
4. Spoon Nails: If your nails look scooped out, like a spoon, it could be a sign of iron-deficiency anemia.
Terry's Nails 5. Terry's Nails: In this condition the nails look opaque with a dark band at the tip. This can be due to aging or a more serious illness including cancer, congestive heart failure, diabetes or liver disease.
Beau's Lines 6. Beau's Lines: These horizontal indentations across your nails could be a sign of malnutrition. They also may appear after serious injury or illness like a heart attack interrupts the growth of your nail.
Nail Separating From Nail Bed 7. Nail Separating From Nail Bed: When your nail becomes loose and separates from the nail bed, it could be related to injury, thyroid disease, fungal disease, drug reactions, reactions to acrylic nails or nail hardeners or psoriasis.
Brown or Black Colored Streak 8. Brown or Black Colored Streak: This could be a sign of a melanoma under the nail. "Subungal melanoma should be suspected whenever a nail streak appears without known injury to the nail, the nail discoloration does not gradually disappear as would a bruise or the size of the nail streak increases over time," said Dr. Scher.
Vertical Nail Ridges 9. Vertical Nail Ridges: These are fairly common and may worsen with age. They do not signal any serious underlying disease.
White, Crumbly Nails 10. White, Crumbly Nails: This is often due to a fungal infection.
Small White Spots 11. Small White Spots: These are very common and usually recurring. They're caused by injury to the base of the nail and are not a cause of concern. The spots will grow out as your nail grows.

Recommended Reading

The Six Worst Lifestyle Choices You Could Make

High Cholesterol? The TOP 12 Non-Drug Strategies to Increase Your HDL Levels


Sources

The Mayo Clinic: What Fingernails Can Tell You About Your Health

American Academy of Dermatology: Nail Health

Your Nails and Your Overall Health

Fingernails Could Point to Health Problems


 

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه هفتم مهر 1386ساعت 11:32  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

Numbness of the toes generally is a result of conditions that affect the nerves and/or blood vessels that supply the foot. Numbness of the toes is often associated with tingling. This is referred to as paresthesia of the toes.

 

MedicineNet Main Article on Numbness Toes

(No articles currently available)

Causes of Numbness Toes

Other Causes of Numbness Toes

Foot Compression (Tight Shoes, Casts, etc.)
Foot Trauma Injury
Neuroma
Peroneal Nerve Irritation
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Examples of Medications for Numbness Toes



+ نوشته شده در  جمعه شانزدهم شهریور 1386ساعت 23:55  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

eMedicineHealth

Doctor to Patient

Thyroid, Iodine, & Diet: What You Should Know

Medical Author: Ruchi Mathur, MD
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel, Jr, MD, FACP, FACR

Diet and HypothyroidismMany of my patients ask questions or make comments about iodine use in thyroid disease. Examples are: " Should I increase the iodine in my diet if I'm hypothyroid?" "My mother had hyperthyroidism, and they told her it was because of a lack of iodine." " My sister has thyroid disease, and to avoid getting it, I'm taking Kelp tablets." "Can I eat sushi if I take Synthroid?"

Although these questions and comments are relevant, this subject is peppered with "old wives tales" and folklore. In the first part of this discussion, I'd like to focus on the role iodine in relation to the thyroid gland and its function.... a bit of physiology for the beginner. Later, I will discuss how an excess or deficiency of iodine can contribute to diseases of the thyroid gland.


Doctor to Patient

What is hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism refers to any state in which thyroid hormone production is below normal. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly involve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body.

This article will focus specifically on hypothyroidism in adults.

What are thyroid hormones?

Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland. This gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple. The gland wraps around the windpipe (trachea) and has a shape that is similar to a butterfly - formed by two wings (lobes) and attached by a middle part (isthmus).

The thyroid gland uses iodine (mostly available from the diet in foods such as seafood, bread, and salt) to produce thyroid hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which account for 99.9% and 0.1% of thyroid hormones present in the blood respectively. However, the hormone with the most biological activity is T3. Once released from the thyroid gland into the blood, a large amount of T4 is converted into T3 - the active hormone that affects the metabolism of cells.

Thyroid Gland illustration - Hypothyroidism


Next: Thyroid hormone regulation - the chain of command >>

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Last Editorial Review: 7/27/2005

+ نوشته شده در  جمعه نوزدهم مرداد 1386ساعت 11:53  توسط محمد مهدی  | 

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Added Pounds Mean Added Risk for Asthma

By Alan Mozes
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, April 5 (HealthDay News) -- Overweight and obese individuals are 50 percent more likely to develop asthma than normal-weight men and women, new research suggests.

Public health efforts to control asthma should therefore emphasize the importance of healthy weight management, the researchers argue in the April issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

"The bottom-line is that being overweight appears to significantly increase the risk of asthma," said study co-author Dr. E. Rand Sutherland, of the National Jewish Medical and Research Center (NJMRC) in Denver. "But the caveat is, that until further studies are done, it won't be clear exactly what type or severity of asthma is present in obese people."

According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, asthma is an incurable but usually controllable chronic disease involving inflammation and narrowing of the airways that carry oxygen into and out of the lungs.

The disease typically provokes recurrent wheezing, coughing, and a hypersensitivity to allergies and affects approximately 20 million Americans, including 9 million children.

A recent national survey found that about 65 percent of Americans are either obese or overweight, and research has long suggested links between asthma and obesity.

In this study, Sutherland and NJMRC colleague Dr. David A. Beuther pored over prior data on the body mass indices -- measurements of body fat based on the height and weight -- of adult asthma patients.

They looked at data from seven prior studies conducted between 1966 and 2006 in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Together, these studies had looked BMI and asthma in more than 333,000 severely asthmatic patients.

During data review, Sutherland and Beuther adopted standard BMI yardsticks, which define "normal weight" as having a BMI of under 25, "overweight" as a BMI between 25 and 29, and "obese" as a BMI more than 30. For example, a person who is 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 145 pounds has a BMI of 22.

The odds of developing asthma grew by 50 percent among patients with a BMI of 25 and up, and the risk climbed as the pounds piled on, the study found.

Women and men appeared to be equally susceptible to the weight-asthma association, they added.

Based on the findings, the researchers believe asthma should be added to the long list of diseases -- including diabetes, sleep apnea, stroke, cardiovascular illness, and arthritis -- for which excess weight is a risk factor.

And because two-thirds of the U.S. adult population are now thought to be obese or overweight, that means millions more Americans may be at risk of developing asthma than was previously thought, they said.

On the up side, "significant weight loss" could potentially reduce asthma cases by as many as 250,000 each year, the researchers said.

Not every overweight person with respiratory symptoms necessarily has asthma, however. The experts noted that excess weight can cause lung volume reduction, chest wall restriction, and breathlessness unrelated to the disease.

"If you're overweight, and you have respiratory symptoms, you don't need to jump to the conclusion that you have asthma," said Sutherland. "But, of course, it would probably be appropriate to have those symptoms further evaluated."

Dr Norman H. Edelman is chief medical officer for the American Lung Association and professor of preventive medicine and medicine at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, N.Y. He said the findings regarding gender were most interesting.

"There's a lot of work that suggested the [obesity] effect was there in women and not in men," he said. "Certainly, in terms of my own clinical practice, I see people -- men and women -- with asthma that's difficult to manage, and many of them are overweight. But for men, it's something that wasn't clear before, and that's why this analysis is valuable."

But he agreed that proving cause and effect is tricky.

"The problem with asthma is that, unlike many other diseases, it's not like flipping a switch. It's not that you have it or don't have it. There are a lot of people walking around with a little bit of asthma, and they don't even know it," Edelman said. "So, it's not clear if obesity is actually causing the disease or perhaps converting a pre-existing undiagnosed asthma into a severe asthma. So, I don't know if I would say that obesity causes asthma. But certainly, it's a risk factor for clinically significant asthma."

SOURCES: E. Rand Sutherland, M.D., National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and assistant professor, medicine, University of Colorado, Denver; Norman H. Edelman, M.D., chief medical officer, American Lung Association, and professor, preventive medicine and medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; April 2007, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

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+ نوشته شده در  شنبه ششم مرداد 1386ساعت 13:13  توسط محمد مهدی  |